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The microbiome plays an important role in health. A recent study investigated how viruses that kill gut bacteria affect these microbes. The findings add to an already complex picture.
Although scientists know that the microbes inside us are essential, they are still a long way from designing a way to moderate them to improve health and fight disease.
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The primary reason for this is the astounding complexity of the microbiome. It is not a single entity, but a world of microbes that communicate, influence, and inhibit neighbors capable of killing, feeding, and communicating with each other.
Gut Bacteria: The Surprising Impact Of Viruses
Already, at this stage, we can see a lot of difficulties in understanding the inside and outside of the microorganism, but some researchers are going to the next level of complexity: bacteriophages.
Bacteriophages, or simply phages, are viruses that only kill bacteria. Incredibly, phages outcompete bacteria; Where there are bacteria, there are phages in spades.
Phages are also specific; They only kill one species or bacteria. Before the advent of antibiotics, scientists used phages to fight infections. However, when researchers discovered antibiotics, they changed the phages; Antibiotics are cheaper and easier to produce than phages.
Of course, if phages kill bacteria, it is possible that they also affect the microbiome. Researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Weiss Institute in Boston are interested in how these abundant viruses affect our gut bacteria. They published the results of their latest study in the journal
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“A major interest in my lab is understanding changes in the dynamics of the gut microbiome. Bacteriophages are a large but poorly understood component of the microbiome,” said senior study author Dr. George Gerber said.
“Some are exploring phage therapy, using phages to kill microbes,” Dr. “But phages are naturally found in the gut and coexist with the rest of the ecosystem,” says Gerber. “We wanted to find out what they were doing there.
For the investigation, the researchers used gnotobiotic mice; They have bred these animals in such a way that no bacteria lives in them.
Phages are specialized predators: each type kills only one type of bacteria. So when scientists introduced the phage to mice, they saw a reduction in such bacteria. However, the effect on other bacteria is more surprising.
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Scientists have shown that whatever phage attacks one species of bacteria, that phage can also infect other organisms; Some species flourished while others declined.
Looking at the broader picture, the researchers also assessed the range of compounds produced by bacteria and mice; This is called Metabolism.
When they introduced the phage to mice and changed the composition of the bacteria, they found that there were changes in the amount of certain biologically active chemicals. The authors of the study write:
In other words, a virus can change the type or amount of biomolecules available to the host animal.
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Dr. Gerber did not lose sight of the broad possibilities these findings raise. He says: “This research intrigues me for further work and raises important questions: Can we use phages to modify these functions? Could this be an intervention for conditions like depression where you want to change neurotransmitter levels?”
Of course, this experiment used an artificially engineered microbe in a rat model, making extrapolation to humans difficult. However, it focused on gaining a general overview of how phages influence bacterial populations. As the study authors write:
“Gnotobiotic mice, colonized with a limited and known but still complex collection of bacteria, present an attractive model system to comprehensively characterize the behavior of phages in the intestinal environment.”
If phages cause major changes in the mouse microbiome, it is likely that they will also cause changes in the human microbiome. The changes may be different, but the principle remains.
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As we made clear in the introduction, the effects of microbes are very difficult to understand before they enter the picture, so designing a medical intervention is a long way off. However, this certainly does not make the discoveries interesting or worth pursuing.
“Although they are not used as direct therapeutics, our study suggests that phages are a good tool for understanding the effects of other therapies that alter the microbiome,” said Dr. Gerber. Trillions of bacteria live peacefully in our bodies. And helps us stay healthy. Among other functions, these good bacteria help us digest our food and help our immune systems recognize and fight harmful bacteria.
Despite their lack of effectiveness, oral antibiotics are sometimes used. When oral antibiotics disrupt the balance of bacteria in the body, side effects such as nausea and diarrhea can occur. Also, while antibiotics kill good bacteria, they cause many other problems, including the growth of disease-causing harmful bacteria and antibiotic resistance.
Be your advocate: If your doctor prescribes you an oral antibiotic, don’t take it alone. Be sure to ask about alternatives.
The Role Of Good Bacteria In The Gut
Although their popularity among physicians and patients has declined due to their incomplete efficacy, ability to provide temporary relief, and worrisome side effects, oral antibiotics remain a standard treatment.
One of the ways antibiotics cause so much harm is their ability to kill good bacteria and disrupt the balance of bacteria in the digestive tract. Because good bacteria perform important functions, the resulting imbalance can cause health problems.
Doctors sometimes prescribe oral antibiotics for moderate to severe, trunk (chest and back), and topical (applied to the skin) medications.
Any oral antibiotics should be used in combination with other topical treatments, as they have limited effectiveness, and topical treatments can help reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Because oral antibiotics kill good bacteria as well as bad bacteria, they can cause various side effects, including gastrointestinal upset such as nausea and diarrhea. They can reduce the body’s ability to absorb vitamins and medications, increase the risk of infection, and allow the growth of harmful bacteria.
According to a 2014 article in the Annual Review of Microbiology, “One of the most common side effects observed immediately after the administration of antibiotics is antibiotic-associated diarrhea.”
Oral antibiotics that kill good bacteria in the gut (gut) are called tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline). Their most common side effects are:
Tetracycline antibiotics are called “broad-spectrum antibiotics,” meaning they kill both good and bad bacteria. Let’s break it down and look at the main side effects of each tetracycline antibiotic:
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Doxycycline is the most commonly prescribed oral antibiotic in the United States. It causes gastrointestinal problems such as nausea and diarrhea in 20% to 30% of patients and photosensitivity in 6% of patients.
Tetracycline causes gastrointestinal problems in 50% of patients and skin problems in 30% of patients. Tetracycline can cause a vaginal yeast infection called vaginal candidiasis in some women.
Minocycline causes the same side effects as the other two tetracyclines, but can also cause serious side effects: dizziness, in 67% of patients; blue-gray skin color in 3% of patients; and, rarely, drug-induced lupus (a chronic inflammatory disease).
Some of these side effects are properties of antibiotics. However, gastrointestinal side effects are the result of oral antibiotics altering the balance of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
Tackling The Collateral Damage From Antibiotics
Most oral antibiotics do not kill the specific bacteria the doctor is targeting; Instead, they kill all bacteria in their path. This can cause an imbalance in the type of bacteria in the digestive tract and lead to symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea and diarrhea.
An imbalance of good bacteria caused by antibiotics can cause long-term health problems. In fact, research has shown a link between such imbalances and chronic diseases involving the immune system, such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, allergic reactions, and obesity. Harmful bacteria in the gut can influence these diseases because the bacteria interact with immune cells and cause the immune system to overreact to things it would not normally respond to. These reactions can then spread throughout the body through the bloodstream and cause disease.
We take antibiotics to kill harmful bacteria. However, not all bacteria are harmful. In fact, many trillions of bacteria inhabit our bodies and bodies and play an important role in keeping us healthy. Scientists estimate that the human body contains 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells. Most of these species inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the large intestine.
According to a 2010 article in Microbiology, “Practically all surfaces of the human body that are exposed to the environment are normally inhabited [by microbes]. The gut is a particularly rich and diverse microbial ecosystem. Approximately 800-1000 different bacterial species and >7000 different genera inhabit the gastrointestinal tract.”
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Bacteria living in the human body interact with each other
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